Farmed early as 1744 by Indians under guidance of Spanish missionaries. In 1830, Ft. Tenoxtitlan, guarding Brazos crossing, San Antonio Road, attracted Anglo-Texans, who lived off wild game in early years.
County created and organized in 1846. Named for Gen. Edward Burleson (1798-1851), veteran of Battle of San Jacinto; Indian fighter; Republic of Texas Vice-President and Senator, later a State Senator. County seat, Caldwell (named for Mathew Caldwell, signer of Declaration of Independence).
During the Civil War, furnished troops, cotton and food to Confederate Texas.
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