Pennsylvania Avenue Heritage Trail
Although the Pennsylvania Avenue of the 1920s was Baltimore's premier shopping district for African Americans, many of the businesses that served them were owned by whites who refused to hire African Americans from the neighborhood.
In 1933, under the direction of the Citywide Young People's Forum and led by Prophet Kiowa Costonie and Juanita Jackson Mitchell, young African Americans picketed these stores for more than a year until owners began hiring African Americans. This boycott captured the attention of other youth organizations and the NAACP, and what became known as the "Buy Where You Can Work" campaign became the nation's leading example of boycott and picket line strategies to fight racism. In Baltimore, this movement became the foundation for 1940s and '50s protests, which culminated in the 1960s Civil Rights Movement. The campaign sparked African American demonstrations in at least 35 cities across the United States. Ralph Bunche, an African American scholar and Nobel peace prize winner, noted that, "Never before have Negroes had so much experience with picket lines."
Opportunities for higher education increased in the neighborhood during the first two decades of the 20th century. Morgan College, now Morgan State University, was founded in 1867 as the Centenary Biblical Institute.
The school was renamed Morgan College in 1890. Coppin State University also traces its beginnings to the Pennsylvania Avenue neighborhood. The school was founded in 1900 to provide a one-year curriculum preparing African American elementary school teachers. Classes were held in Baltimore's Colored High School, then located on Pennsylvania Avenue. In 1902, the program expanded into a two-year program, and expanded into a four-year program in 1909. The school, named Coppin State Teachers College in 1950, moved to its current site in northwest Baltimore in 1952. The institution was officially named Coppin State University in 2004.
(Inscriptions under the images in the right)
Kiowa CostonieBaltimore's Buy Where You Can Work movement was one of the first campaigns to mobilize large sections of Baltimore's black community to direct action. Its initiator was the "Prophet" Kiowa Costonia, a gold-turbaned individual who made his first appearance in Baltimore churches, such as Shiloh Baptist Church in June 1933.
Juanita Jackson MitchellJuanita Jackson Mitchell (in white hat) was the first African American woman to graduate from the University of Maryland Law School to be admitted to the Maryland Bar and to practice law in Maryland. In coordination with the Afro-American Newspapers, Jackson challenged the legality of restrictive
deed covenants based on race and religion, organized a drive that equalized pay for African American teachers and helped desegregate its schools. She was called the "Mother of the Civil Rights Movement.
The Great Depression and JobsThe 1930s were a watershed for the freedom movement and a precursor to the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s. In the Journal of Social History, historian Andor Skotnes writes, "The Baltimore jobs boycott of 1933-34 exemplifies the way that the local freedom movement rebuilt itself by drawing deeply on locally-based black community institutions, ideologies, and resources. Certainly outside forces had a real impact, but the local African-American community was the key. "
Centenary Biblical Institute and Morgan State CollegeIn 1867, Morgan State University originated as the Centenary Biblical Institute under the auspices of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Classes for the institute were first held at the Sharp Street Church in Baltimore. In 1890, the institute was renamed Morgan College in honor of Lyttleton E. Morgan, minister and first president of the institute's board of trustees. The college renamed under church jurisdiction until purchased by the state in 1939 and renamed Morgan State College.
Fanny Jackson CoppinIn 1900, the Baltimore City School Board initiated a one-year training course for the preparation of African American elementary school teachers at what was then called Colored High School (later named Douglas High School) on Pennsylvania Avenue. In 1926, it was named Fanny Jackson Coppin (pictured above) Normal School in honor of the African-American woman who as a pioneer in teacher education. Later it became a four-year college and the name changed to Coppin Teachers College.
Reverse Side of the Marker
Welcome
Take a walk through history in storied Old West Baltimore. You'll relive the glory days of Pennsylvania Avenue and its surrounding neighborhoods. Follow the lives of inspiring people. Tour churches that served as places of empowerment and beacons of enlightenment, and gain new perspective on this African American community's role in the struggle for civil rights. Explore at your own pace following these story signs to learn about Baltimore African Americans who helped build a city and changed the face of American music, art, literature and politics.
(Inscriptions under the images on the right)
1.Prince Hall Grand Lodge of Maryland
2.The Lillie Carroll Jackson Museum
3.Douglas Memorial Community Church
4.Elks Lodge
5.Morriah Keyhole Houses
6.Booker T. Washington Middle School
7.Bethel AME Church
8.Union Baptist Church
9.Sharp Street Methodist Church
10.Henry Highland Garnet School/PS 103
11.The Royal Theatre Marquee Monument
12.Billie Holliday Plaza
13.Macedonia Baptist Church
14.The Comedy Club
15.Trinity Baptist Church
16.YMCA
17.Ideal Savings and Loan
18.Baltimore Masjid
19.Thurgood Marshall's Childhood Home
20.Romare Bearden Mural.
Discover
(Inscriptions under the images)
*Listen, Can you feel it pulsating down the Street of Royalty?
*It's bee-bop, jazz, comedy—and of course—the blues.
*All the greats were here. Billie Holiday, Cab Calloway, Fats Waller, Eubie Blake and more!
*Learn about African American politicians and lawyers like William Ashbie Hawkins and George McMechan who fought against on ordinance segregating whites and blacks block by block.
*Visit churches that nurtured the soul, and also fed, clothed and housed the poor.
*Follow Thurgood Marshall from Henry Highland Garnet School/PS 103, to winning landmark Supreme Court cases, to becoming a justice of the U.S. Supreme Court.
*Learn how Old West Baltimore residents and church leaders played a pivotal role in the Civil Rights Movement and in the Buy Where You Can Work jobs campaign.
*And walk in the creative footsteps of writer Zora Neale Hurston, artist Romare Breaden and actors at the Arena Players.
Comments 0 comments