Original Residents: The Ohlone
For more than 2,500 years before the Spanish
missionaries first arrived in the Bay Area in
the 1770s, dozens of small, politically independent native "tribelets" belonging to the
Ohlone language group inhabited the region.
Recent studies suggest that the very place where you are now standing was once part of the ancestral homeland of the Huchiun people,
whose territory is thought to have extended north to present-day
Richmond. While actual village sites are not known, our understanding of native practice suggests that the Huchiun Ohlone
hunted, fished, and gathered seeds and acorns all along Temescal
Creek, including in what are now the Temescal and Rockridge neighborhoods. They built their modest, dome-shaped shelters of willow
branches covered with tules, and erected sweat houses, or femescals,
on the banks of the creek. Thus, using a wide range of time-tested
technologies and with acute knowledge of their environment, the
Huchiun successfully lived off the bounty of the land.
The arrival of the Spanish radically altered the Bay Area's
indigenous communities. It is estimated that by 1815, the native
population had been reduced by three-quarters, in large part due to
European diseases. Most of the Indians who survived lived in the
missions in poverty and close
to starvation. When, in 1834, the
missions were disbanded by the newly independent Mexican
government, many mission Indians, significantly cut off from their
traditional ways of life, found work as servants and ranch hands on
the large Spanish and Mexican land grant estates that had been
established during the previous two decades.
While there is no record of any Huchiuns having survived the
dislocation and hardship caused by the mission system, it is likely
that through intermarriage the Huchiun lineage persists today.
Meanwhile, Ohlone descendants from other parts of the Bay Area
are actively renewing and celebrating their rich cultural heritage.
Vicente Peralta's Chosen Place
In 1836, with the construction of a modest adobe dwelling on his father's Spanish and grant, José Vicente Peralta became the first person of European descent to settle in this area. Situated less than 100 yards from here at what is now the center of this block, the adobe was but a stone's throw northwest of Temescal Creek (now flowing in an underground culvert). Eventually, this adobe formed the nucleus of Vicente's Rancho Encinal de Temescal — the portion of his father's estate, inherited in 1842, that stretched from present-day downtown Oakland to the Berkeley border.
Over the next 30 years, Vicente and his wife, Maria Encarnación Galindo, built additional
adobes on this site (including the first chapel in the East Bay north of Mission San Jose), planted orchards that stretched to present-day Emeryville, and oversaw their extensive herd of cattle, raised primarily for the hide and tallow trade. The gold rush and California statehood in 1850 brought an end to the Peraltas' way of life when droves of squatters descended on the land grant estates of the East Bay. In the years that followed,
Vicente fought for — and eventually won — legal title to his land. However, by the time his court battles were over, all but 700 acres of his original rancho were gone — either relinquished to squatters or sold off to cover his legal fees.
Vicente Peralta died in 1871 at the age of 58, and was buried nearby in St. Mary's Cemetery, where his tomb can still be seen. Shortly thereafter, his remaining land was subdivided and individual lots were sold to new arrivals, thus furthering the growth of the small town of Temescal. No trace of Vicente's adobes remains today.
Although Don Vicente and Doña Encarnación had no surviving children, dozens of Peralta family descendants make their home today in the East Bay, remembering their ancestors and honoring their early Spanish California heritage.
Designed by Jeff Norman/Shared Ground · Funded by Chevron · 1998
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